To cite
this work you can use:
Abstract
The
goal of this work is to describe a problems that never solves related
environment, 21st century needs, teaching, and indonesia’s education. It
revealed there must great efforts by the Indonesian government, teachers, alsa
researchers as well, to combat both the global and country’s challenges,
include improve education policies, activities, also reseacrs as well
Introduction
It is
amazing grace for the opportunity to join science educator, especially natural
science teachers (Setiawan, 2018). I find that teaching and the students keep
life going, and I would never accept any position in which somebody has
invented a happy solution for me where I don’t have to teach. If you’re
teaching a class, you can think about the elementary things that you know very
well. These things are kind of pleasure and delightful. It doesn’t do any harm
to think them over again. And one of them is the problem of teaching (natural)
science in Madrasah TBS Kudus.
The
problem of teaching (natural) science in Madrasah TBS Kudus is only part of the
wider problem of teaching (natural) science anywhere. In fact, it is part of
the problem of teaching anything anywhere—problem for which there is no known
satisfactory solution. The problem of teaching (natural) science in Madrasah
TBS Kudus can also be generalized in another way, to remind us of the problem
of doing anything in Indonesia. We must get at least partly involved in the
special social, political, and economic problems that exist here. All the
problems come into sharper focus if there is before us a clear picture of the
reasons for teaching (natural) science in the first place. So I will try to
give some reasons why I believe we should teach (natural) science. We can then
discuss about current problems in earth, our need, and Indonesia.
Basic
Principles to Teaching (Natural) Science
The
first reason is (of course) that (natural) science’s concept is a basic our
activities, as such is implements to solving our environment problem, and has
all kinds of applications in technology. (Natural) science is the understanding
of nature (which human includes there), that tells us how things work. In
particular, I am stressing here how devices of various kinds – invented by men
in present and forthcoming technology – work. Therefore, those who know
(natural) science will be much more useful in coping with the technical problems
arising in local industry.
It
might be argued, and in practice it is argued, that in the earlier stages of
industrial development that we have in Indonesia especially on 1970’s when
Militeristic Era (1966-98), such talent is completely superfluous because it is
so easy to import good technically‑trained personnel from more advanced
countries outside. Therefore, is it really necessary to develop
highly-technically-trained people locally like Tjia May On, Bacharuddin Jusuf
Habibie, and Pantur Silaban?
I do
not know enough economics likes Marthatinova Hari Safitri to answer correctly,
but I will give an opinion anyway. I think it is vitally important to improve
the technical ability of the peoples of Indonesia. By education, the man with
higher technical ability is able to produce more, and I believe that in the
improvement of the technical ability, and thus the productivity, of the people
of Indonesia lies the source of real economic advancement. Of cource it needs
long time to see that impact.
It is
not economically sound to continuously import technically‑skilled
people. If Indonesian people were educated technically they would find
positions in the developing industries here; it would soon be realized by the
people who now import such workers that there is a supply of really able men
and women in this country, and that this local supply has many advantages. The
local people would not demand such high wages, would know the customs and ways
of the country, and would be glad to take more permanent positions in
occational’s context.
It is
true that Indonesian with the same degrees in science or engineering as their
foreign counterparts likes Singaporean seem to be very much less able. This (as
I shall explain) is because they have not really been taught any science. This
experience has probably conditioned industrialists to pay very little attention
to the local universities. If they were wise the industrialists would see the
problem quite the other way around and would be the first to clamor for a meeting
of the kind we are having today, to find out what is the matter with the local
product and how to teach (natural) science in a really satisfactory manner in
their countries. Yet none of them are here.
A
secondary reason for teaching (natural) science, or any experimental science,
is that it incidentally teaches how to do things with your hands. It teaches
many techniques for manipulating things as well as techniques of measurement
and calculation, for example, which have very much wider applications than the
particular field of study. It’s also reason why I I agreed with Queen when they
sang, “Galileo figaro magnifico...” on their Bohemian Rhapsody.
Thirdly,
another major reason for teaching (natural) science is for the science itself.
Science is a human activity; to many men and women it is a great pleasure and
it should not be denied to the people of a large part of the world simply
because of a fault or lack in the educational system. In other words, one of
the reasons for teaching science is to make scientists who will not just
contribute to the development of industry but also contribute to the
development of understanding of nature (which human includes there) like Isaac
Newton, joining others in this great journey of our times like James Clerk
Maxwell, and (of course) obtaining enormous pleasure in doing so like Lisa
Randall.
Fourthly,
there is a good reason to study nature to appreciate its wonder and its beauty,
even though one may not be a actively working professional scientist. This
knowledge of nature also gives a feeling of stability and reality about the
world and drives out many fears and superstitions. Was we forgot Gabrielle
Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil’s contributed to the completion of the
scientific revolution in France and to its acceptance in Europe?
A
fiveth value in teaching (natural) science is to teach how things are found
out. The value of questioning, the value of free ideas (not only for the
development of science, but the value of free ideas in every field) becomes
apparent. “Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.” said Richard
Phillips Feynman at the fifteenth annual meeting of the National Science
Teachers Association, 1966 in New York City. In (natural) science, at 1925, a
yesterday afternoon boys Werner Karl Heisenberg should sliding tackle a great
scientist Albert Einstein to push the father of photoelectric effect opinion
away from the quantum field.
Science
is a way to teach how something gets to be understand, what is not known, to
what extent things are known (for nothing is understand absolutely), how to
handle doubt and uncertainty, what the rules of evidence are, how to think
about things so that judgments can be made, how to distinguish truth from
fraud, and from show. These are certainly important secondary yields of
teaching science, and (natural) science in particular.
Finally,
in learning science you learn to handle trial and error, to develop a spirit of
invention and of free inquiry which is of tremendous value far beyond science.
One learns to ask oneself: “Is there a better way to do it?” (And the answer to
this is not the conditioned reflex: “Let's see how they do it in Germany,
United States, and Japan,” because there must certainly be a better way than
that!). Indra Jaya Piliang say, when he wrote him journey as an author, that we
don’t implants social theories without understand all reasons. Nong Darol
Mahmada say that we must understand context when receive ideas. We must try to
think of some new gimmick or idea, to find some improvement in the technique.
This question is the source of a great deal of free independent thought, of
invention, and of human progress of all kinds.
How
Students React to Hazard in this Earth?
During
the 1970s researchers observed that the amount of ozone in the atmosphere was decreasing
moderately and an ozone “hole” was visibly expanding around the polar regions. The
idea of a rapidly-growing hole in the atmosphere – which could have fatal consequences
for humanity – caught on with the public so strongly that people reduced their use
of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances, and compelled companies
and governments to take action. In 1987 the Montreal Protocol was signed, phasing
out the use of some of these substances in industry.
Douglass,
Newman, and Solomon (2014) say that the ozone layer is now
recovering, if slowly. This success story is exceptional – see, for instance, the
challenges in addressing global warming – but it shows how important it is to increase
our youth’s environmental awareness for the future of Earth. Looking into the environmental
awareness of 15-year-olds, Echazarrai (2018) tries to answer
some important questions: Are students increasingly aware of environmental problems?
Have 15-year-olds become more optimistic about the future of Earth? And who are
the environmentally aware students?
Echazarrai
(2018)
results show that environmental awareness is increasing moderately among 15-year-olds.
In the nine years from 2006 to 2015, and for most of the environmental issues cited
in both cycles of PISA, the share of students who reported that they are informed
(“I know something about this and could explain the general issue”) or well-informed
(“I am familiar with this and I would be able to explain this well”) increased moderately,
on average across OECD countries. For instance, the percentage of students who stated
that they are informed about the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
rose from 57% in 2006 to 64% in 2015, and a similar percentage-point increase was
observed when students were asked about the use of genetically modified organisms.
The discover
of Echazarrai (2018) reveals that the
overall improvement in environmental awareness was largely the result of increases
in Israel, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey in the extent to which students reported
being knowledgeable about environmental issues. Among OECD partner countries, similar
increases were observed in Indonesia, Qatar and Tunisia. Meanwhile, environmental
awareness deteriorated the most, though only moderately, in Austria, the Czech Republic,
Hong Kong (China), Italy, Japan and the Netherlands. However, students are not becoming
more optimistic about the environment. On average across OECD countries, the share
of students who are optimistic about the fate of the planet – those who reported
that the problems associated with environmental issues would get better over the
next 20 years – remained relatively stable over the same period. In 2015, 15-year-olds
were slightly more optimistic than their counterparts in 2006 about the problems
associated with the clearing of forests, nuclear waste and air pollution, but more
pessimistic about the availability of water in the future.
That a
greater awareness does not lead to greater optimism is hardly surprising given that
students who reported being knowledgeable about environmental issues were considerably
more likely to consider that these problems would worsen in the future. For instance,
15-year-old students who claimed to be informed about the increase of greenhouse
gases, water shortages and air pollution were about 40% more likely to believe that
these problems would get worse over the next 20 years.
Many characteristics
of students and schools are positively associated with environmental awareness.
For instance, scientifically-minded students – that is, high-performing students
who participate in science activities, expect to pursue a career in science and
are interested in broad science topics – and those in schools offering science activities
showed greater environmental awareness. However, only a few characteristics were
also positively related to optimism about the environment: the number of science
activities in which students participate and students’ exposure to enquiry-based
teaching.
Most people
agree that the environment has deteriorated over the past few decades, even if there
is an ongoing debate about the magnitude and consequences of this degradation. Fortunately,
there are plenty of public and private initiatives to protect the environment, and
students around the globe are increasingly aware of the most important environmental
problems affecting the planet today. If we want to preserve the environment for
future generations, it is essential that students become more aware of the threats
to the environment and use this knowledge to adopt sustainable lifestyles, lower
the cost of action and search for innovative solutions to environmental problems.
The
Complexity of Teaching for The New-Classic Need
Above
specific problem, it has become clear that teaching skills requires answering “What
should students learn in the 21st century?” on a deep and broad basis. Teachers
need to have the time and flexibility to develop knowledge, skills, and character,
while also considering the meta-layer/fourth dimension that includes learning how
to learn, interdisciplinarity, and personalisation. Adapting to 21st century needs
means revisiting each dimension and how they interact.
Fadel
(2011)
identifies the following dimensions of a 21st-century education, and the
related challenges for curricula::
Character (behaviours, attitudes, values) – to
face an increasingly challenging world: As complexities increase, humankind is
rediscovering the importance of teaching character traits, such as
performance-related traits (adaptability, persistence, resilience) and
moral-related traits (integrity, justice, empathy, ethics). The challenges for
public school systems are similar to those for skills, with the extra
complexity of accepting that character development is also becoming an
intrinsic part of the mission, as it is for private schools.
Knowledge – relevance required: Students’ lack
of motivation, and often disengagement, reflects the inability of education
systems to connect content to real-world experience. This is also critically
important to economic and social needs, not only students’ wishes. There is a
profound need to rethink the significance and applicability of what is taught,
and to strike a far better balance between the conceptual and the practical.
Skills – necessity for education outcomes:
Higher-order skills (“21st Century Skills”), such as the “4 C’s” of Creativity,
Critical thinking, Communication, Collaboration, and others are essential for
absorbing knowledge as well as for work performance. Yet the curriculum is
already overburdened with content, which makes it much harder for students to
acquire (and teachers to teach) skills via deep dives into projects. There is a
reasonable global consensus on what the skills are, and how teaching methods
via projects can affect skills acquisition, but there is little time available
during the school year, given the overwhelming amount of content to be covered.
There is also little in terms of teacher expertise in combining knowledge and
skills in a coherent ensemble, with guiding materials, and assessments.
Meta-Layer:
Essential for activating transference, building expertise, fostering
creativity via analogies, establishing lifelong learning habits, and so on.
So
what is actually being done to ensure that our workforce is skilled for 21st
century success and to ensure that
students are skilled, ready to work and contribute to society? The global
transformation, often called the “21st century skills” movement is helping move
schools closer to learning designs that better prepare students for success in
learning, work and life. It is important for us to respond this by shifting the
focus from a quantitative notion of human capital, measured in years of formal
education, to the skills people actually acquire, enhance and nurture over
their lifetimes.
My
hope is that schools, universities and training programs will become more
responsive to the workforce and societal needs of today, and students will
increasingly focus on growing and applying essential 21st century skills and
knowledge to real problems and issues, not just learning textbook facts and
formulas. This will raise levels of creativity and innovation, and provide
better skills , better jobs, better
societies, and ultimately better lives.
When
we took current environmental problem and 21st century needs into teaching, it
is more complex althougt in special context. The complexity of teaching is
real, not just rational nor imaginary or joking. Education experts have spent the
last 50 years debating over a seemingly simple question: what’s the best way to
teach science? On one side of the divide are those who support self-guided, enquiry-based
approaches, under which students direct their own learning. On the other are proponents
of teacher-directed instruction, who say this approach makes it easier for teachers
to manage classrooms and cover a wider range of content. Complicating the debate
even further is the increasing diversity of student populations, which has raised
demands for science curricula to adapt to student needs through adaptive teaching
approaches.
Mostafai,
Echazarrai, and Guilloui (2015) using data from
PISA 2015 to reveal that each approach has advantages and drawbacks for learning—and
that identifying the most effective strategy isn’t as clear cut a proposition as
it may seem. In almost all of the 68 countries and economies that participated in
PISA, students in the least disciplined science classes perform worse when exposed
to enquiry-based science teaching, however in 33 countries and economies, this negative
association disappears when students are learning in a disciplined environment (Mostafai,
Echazarrai, and Guilloui, 2015, p. 30). In Thailand,
exposure to enquiry-based teaching accounted for a four-point increase in performance
among students in the most disciplined science classes. But students exposed to
enquiry-based teaching in the least disciplined classrooms, scored about 13 points
lower than those in more disciplined environments. The benefits gained from attending
disciplined science classes with enquiry-based teaching are largest in Georgia (+20
points), Kosovo (+15 points), Lebanon (+13 points), Malta (+14 points), and Slovenia
(+13 points) (Mostafai, Echazarrai, and Guilloui, 2015,
p. 31).
In OECD
countries, enquiry-based teaching seems like the most promising way to nurture positive
attitudes toward science – including interest and enjoyment in science-related topics,
and participation in science-related activities (Mostafai, Echazarrai, and Guilloui,
2015,
p. 36-7). They also found that all three teaching practices – enquiry-based, teacher-directed
and adaptive teaching are associated with higher expectations among students to
pursue a career in science. This association is particularly strong among girls
who are exposed to enquiry-based teaching. Teacher-directed science instruction,
on the other hand, is associated with better science performance in almost all countries.
This positive association is equally strong across all science sub-domains and proficiency
levels, and does not vary with student and school characteristics (e.g. disciplinary
climate, student composition, resources, etc.). Based on these findings, we can
conclude that teacher-directed practices are likely to deliver good results regardless
of environment.
Indonesia
Education’s Context
In
our country context, Indonesia Curriculum has been changed for several times
(Setiawan and Sari, 2019). Science
education growths gradually refer to these changes. The purpose is to improve
the education quality and also to solve other problems that are facing by the
country. Curriculum completions have been doing continuously as an effort to
adjust it with science and technology development and also society demand. It
was done to get perfect proportion of learning goals, student potential,
neighborhoods condition and facilities. As Indonesia Constitution 1945 have a
big purposes to develop citizen ability and personality traits also dignified
civilization in order to educate all people, national education should be
capable to guarantee the equity of education’s opportunity, quality improvement,
relevancies, and education management efficiency.
The Programme for International Student Assessment
(PISA) will be unveiling its results for 2018 sometime next year. When it does,
one of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries that will
come into focus is Indonesia. In the PISA results for 2015, Indonesia fared
poorly in mathematical, reading, and scientific literacy compared to all the
other ASEAN member states involved in the study (OECD, 2016, p. 4). For
mathematical literacy, Indonesia managed to score 386 points, for reading
literacy, the country scored 397 points, and for scientific literacy, Indonesia
only scored 403 points. From the 70 countries reviewed in 2015, Indonesia was
ranked at 62nd. This, however, is still an improvement compared to its ranking
of 63 out of 65 countries in the PISA 2012 results. In comparison with some
other ASEAN countries, Singapore ranked 1st in 2015 and 2nd in 2012. Thailand
ranked 55th in 2015 and 48th in 2012.
So why is Indonesia trailing behind? Andrew (2018) found that one of the main
problems with Indonesia’s education system stemmed from “politics and power”.
The report claims that there is little incentive for old elites to drastically
overhaul the education system, arguing that they would rather exploit it to
“accumulate resources, distribute patronage, mobilise political support, and
exercise political control.” According to this work, problems which have
stemmed from this lack of political will include corruption, poor quality of
teaching and staff absenteeism.
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2017) says that in rural and remote
parts of Indonesia, early childhood development services are either absent,
inaccessible or unaffordable to most children, meaning they miss out on
valuable early learning and development opportunities that their urban
counterparts receive. As if this wasn’t a big enough issue on its own, UNICEF
also pointed out that the country is situated in one of the world’s most active
disaster hotspots with disasters ranging from tsunamis, earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions to landslides, floods, droughts and forest fires.
Conclusion
Based
on information given, there must great efforts by the Indonesian government,
teachers, alsa researchers as well, to combat both the global and country’s challenges,
include improve education policies, activities, also reseacrs as well. Whether
all efforts by the Indonesian to improve the state of education in the country
will be fruitful quickly or slowly is yet to be seen, but hopes are running
high as the countdown begins for the 2018 PISA survey. It’s more than likely
that many Indonesians are hoping that their country will be able to bump up its
ranking by a few notches at least.
There
are many new plans, just in Indonesia, for trying to teach (natural) science
various oriented (i.e. scientific literacy nor STEM education), which shows
that nobody is satisfied with any method. It is likely that many of the new
lesson plans look good, for nobody has tried them long enough to find out what
is the matter with them; whereas all the old methods have been with us long
enough to show their faults clearly. The fact is that nobody knows very well
how to tell anybody else how to teach. So when we try to figure out how to
teach (natural) science we must he somewhat modest, because nobody really knows
how. It is at the same time a serious problem and an opportunity for new
discoveries.
Acknowledgment
Adib
Rifqi Setiwan dedicated this work to my role model Surotul Ilmiyah of her
amazing inspiring and motivating my self as well as for her endless shaping my
mindset and influencing my journey.
Work
Cited
Douglass, Anne; Newman, Paul; and Solomon, Susan. (2014,
July 01), The Antarctic ozone hole: An update. Physics Today, 67 (7): 42-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2449
Echazarra, Alfonso. (2018, August 30). Have
15-year-olds Become “Greener” Over the years?. PISA in Focus, 87. Paris: OECD Publishing.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/6534cd38-en
Fadel, Charles. (2011,
December 17). Redesigning the Curriculum. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
URL: https://curriculumredesign.org/wp-content/uploads/CCR-Foundational-Whitepaper-Charles-Fadel2.pdf
Mostafa, Tarek; Echazarra, Alfonso; and Guillou, Hélène.
(2018,
November 19). The Science of Teaching Science: An Exploration of Science
Teaching Practices in PISA 2015. OECD Education Working Papers, 188.
Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/f5bd9e57-en
OECD. (2016,
December 06). Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Results
from PISA 2015: Indonesia. Paris: OECD Publishing. URL: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA-2015-Indonesia.pdf
Rosser, Andrew. (2018, February 20). Beyond Access:
Making Indonesia’s Education System Work. Lowy Institute For International
Policy. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11540/8034
Setiawan, Adib Rifqi. (2018,
October 09). Bergerak Menuju Tak Tentu. Alobatnic. URL: http://alobatnic.blogspot.com/2018/10/bergerak-menuju-tak-tentu.html
Setiawan, Adib Rifqi; and Sari, Dewi Ratna. (2019,
April 16). A Simple Essay of Natural Science Curricula in Indonesia. Open
Science Framework (OSF). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/uwn4r
UNICEF. (2017,
December 22). UNICEF Indonesia - Education and youth - Challenges. UNICEF.
URL: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/education_2864.html